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المرصد الرياضية

ما الفارق بين "الفيدرالية والكونفدرالية" في أنظمة الحكم؟.. الباحث "سعيد القحطاني" يجيب

ما الفارق بين "الفيدرالية والكونفدرالية" في أنظمة الحكم؟.. الباحث "سعيد القحطاني" يجيب
1 سنة 10 508
صحيفة المرصد: شرح الدكتور سعيد القحطاني، الباحث والمتخصص في التاريخ الحديث، الإثنين، الفارق بين "الفيدرالية، والكونفدرالية" في أنظمة الحكم.


كيانات سياسية
وفي مقابلة مع برنامج "في الصورة" على قناة "روتانا خليجية"، أوضح سعيد القحطاني، أن الفيدرالية عندما يكون لديك "مجموعة كيانات سياسية في دولة واحدة"، مشيرا إلى "نموذج الولايات المتحدة الأميركية".


ولاية أمريكية
وفي كل ولاية أميركية "نظام تعليمي وصحي"، لكن يجمعها "علم واحد ورئيس واحد ووزارات واحدة"، وهو ما يسمي بـ"الفيدرالية"، حسبما أكد سعيد القحطاني.
وأشار الباحث والمتخصص في التاريخ الحديث إلى أن الولايات المتحدة "ليس لديها وزارة تعليم، ولكن مكتب التعليم الفيدرالي".

الفيدرالية في العالم العربي
والفيدرالية موجودة بالعالم العربي في دولة الإمارات، لكن بشكل "أقل وضوحا"، لوجود "المركزية في الدولة"، وفق سعيد القحطاني.


الكونفدرالية
أما عن "الكونفدرالية"، فقال سعيد القحطاني، إنها تتعلق بتجمع دولة مستقلة بشكل كامل، ويجمعها "مشتركات"، مشيرا إلى "نموذج الاتحاد الأوروبي".
الاتحاد الأوروبي

ودول الاتحاد الأوروبي "مستقلة تماما، وحدودها معروفة"، لكن مواقفها السياسية "تكاد تكون موحدة"، وينطبق الأمر ذاته على الجانب الاقتصادي والعملة "الموحدة"، بحسب الباحث والمتخصص في التاريخ الحديث.


مجلس التعاون
وبهذا المعنى يمكن أن يطلق على مجلس التعاون الخليجي كونه "نظام كونفدرالي" بشكل أو بأخر ولكن "ليس بالوضوح الذي عليه الاتحاد الأوروبي"، حسبما أضاف.
وأوضح سعيد القحطاني، أن "هناك الكثير من المشتركات والأمور التي حسمت بين دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي"، لكن هناك "الكثير من القضايا معلقة".
التعليقات (10)

التعليقات مغلقة

MessagesRequestTimelineExceptionsViews9Queries19Models6Livewire0MailsGate
SettingsRequest history232msRequest Duration47MBMemory Usage10.x
Laravel Version
10.48.28
PHP Version
8.1.33
Environment
production
Debug Mode
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Timezone
Asia/Riyadh
Locale
ar
GET article/{id}/{section_title?}/{title?}/{comment_id?}
status
200 OK
full_url
https://new.al-marsd.com/article/191392/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%...
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article.show
controller_action
App\Http\Controllers\Web\ArticleController@show
Theme
Open Button Position
Hide Empty Tabs
Autoshow
Reset to defaults
    status
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    app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:37-77
    middleware
    web
    telescope
    View in Telescope
    duration
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    • Booting (121ms)time
    • Application (112ms)time
    • Routing (2.67ms)
    • Preparing Response (73.33ms)
    • View: web.singleviews
    • View: web.components.structured-dataviews
    • View: web.components.dateviews
    • View: web.components.social-sharingviews
    • View: components.smart-ad-componentviews
    • View: components.smart-ad-componentviews
    • View: web.layouts.masterviews
    • View: web.layouts.headerviews
    • View: web.layouts.footerviews
    • 1 x Booting (51.96%)
      121ms
      1 x Application (48.04%)
      112ms
      1 x Preparing Response (31.55%)
      73.33ms
      1 x Routing (1.15%)
      2.67ms
      9 x View (0%)
      0μs
      9 templates were rendered
      • web.singlesingle.blade.php#?blade
      • web.components.structured-datastructured-data.blade.php#?blade
      • web.components.datedate.blade.php#?blade
      • web.components.social-sharingsocial-sharing.blade.php#?blade
      • components.smart-ad-componentsmart-ad-component.blade.php#?blade
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      • web.layouts.mastermaster.blade.php#?blade
      • web.layouts.headerheader.blade.php#?blade
      • web.layouts.footerfooter.blade.php#?blade
      19 statements were executed (4 duplicates)Show only duplicatesnew_mainnew_comments13.88ms
      • ArticleController.php#40new_mainConnection Established
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:40
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • ArticleController.php#40new_main1.83msselect * from `articles` where `status` = 1 and `articles`.`id` = '191392' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:40
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • ArticleController.php#40new_main640μsselect `sections`.*, `article_section`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `article_section`.`section_id` as `pivot_section_id` from `sections` inner join `article_section` on `sections`.`id` = `article_section`.`section_id` where `article_section`.`article_id` in (191392) and `sections`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:40
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • ArticleController.php#81new_commentsConnection Established
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:81
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:74
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • ArticleController.php#84new_comments1.38msselect count(*) as aggregate from `comments` where `status` in (1, 2) and `article_id` = '191392' and `type` = 1 and `comments`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        • 1: 2
        • 2: 191392
        • 3: 1
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:84
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:74
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • ArticleController.php#89new_comments2.9msselect count(*) as aggregate from `comments_archive` where `status` in (1, 2) and `article_id` = '191392' and `type` = 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        • 1: 2
        • 2: 191392
        • 3: 1
        Backtrace
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:89
        • app/Http/Controllers/Web/ArticleController.php:74
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • single.blade.php#10new_main540μsselect * from `authors` where `authors`.`id` = 0 and `authors`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.single:10
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • helpers.php#424new_comments740μsselect count(*) as aggregate from `comments` where `status` in (1, 2) and `article_id` = 191392 and `comment_id` is null and `type` = 1 and `comments`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        • 1: 2
        • 2: 191392
        • 3: 1
        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:424
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:435
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • helpers.php#430new_comments910μsselect count(*) as aggregate from `comments_archive` where `status` in (1, 2) and `article_id` = 191392 and `type` = 1 and `comment_id` is null
        Bindings
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        • 1: 2
        • 2: 191392
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        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:430
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:435
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • helpers.php#308new_main610μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '6th-MPU-Single-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • SmartAdComponent.php#34new_main500μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '6th-MPU-Single-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/View/Components/SmartAdComponent.php:34
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Component.php:135
        • view::web.single:278
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • helpers.php#308new_main390μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '1st-MPU-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 1st-MPU-Desktop
        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • SmartAdComponent.php#34new_main410μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '1st-MPU-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 1st-MPU-Desktop
        Backtrace
        • app/View/Components/SmartAdComponent.php:34
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Component.php:135
        • view::web.single:680
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • helpers.php#308new_main420μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '4th-MPU-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 4th-MPU-Desktop
        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • helpers.php#308new_main400μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '5th-MPU-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 5th-MPU-Desktop
        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • header.blade.php#119new_main450μsselect * from `settings` where `name` = 'nasher_header_text_font_size' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: nasher_header_text_font_size
        Backtrace
        • view::web.layouts.header:119
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:396
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:429
        • view::web.layouts.header:120
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • header.blade.php#122new_main370μsselect * from `settings` where `name` = 'nasher_header_text_color' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: nasher_header_text_color
        Backtrace
        • view::web.layouts.header:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:396
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:429
        • view::web.layouts.header:123
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • footer.blade.php#29new_main300μsselect * from `settings` where `name` = 'nasher_footer_text_font_size' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: nasher_footer_text_font_size
        Backtrace
        • view::web.layouts.footer:29
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:396
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:429
        • view::web.layouts.footer:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • footer.blade.php#32new_main440μsselect * from `settings` where `name` = 'nasher_footer_text_color' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: nasher_footer_text_color
        Backtrace
        • view::web.layouts.footer:32
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:396
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:429
        • view::web.layouts.footer:33
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • helpers.php#308new_main440μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '7th-MPU-Desktop' limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • helpers.php#308new_main210μsselect * from `smart_ads` where `slug` = '7th-MPU-Desktop-Sport' limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 7th-MPU-Desktop-Sport
        Backtrace
        • app/Helpers/helpers.php:308
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      App\Models\SmartAd
      4SmartAd.php#?
      App\Models\Article
      1Article.php#?
      App\Models\Section
      1Section.php#?
          ClearShow all
          Date ↕MethodURLData
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